02362nas a2200169   4500008004100000245018800041210006900229260000800298300001100306490000700317520175500324100001402079700001802093700001902111700001302130856004902143       2001                        eng d00aMolecular phylogenetic analysis of the dragonfly genera Libellula, Ladona, and Plathemis (Odonata: Libellulidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and 16S rRNA sequence data0 aMolecular phylogenetic analysis of the dragonfly genera Libellul  cMar  a348-610 v183 aMolecular phylogenetic relationships among members of the odonate genus Libellula (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae) were examined using 735 bp of mitochondrial COI and 416 bp of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Considerable debate exists over several relationships within Libellula, as well over the status of two putative genera often placed as subgenera within Libellula: Ladona and Plathemis. Parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses of the separate and combined data sets indicate that Plathemis is basal and monophyletic and that Ladona is the sister clade to the remainder of Libellula sensu stricto (s.s.) (all species within the genus Libellula, excluding Plathemis and Ladona). Moreover, two European taxa, Libellula fulva and L. depressa, were found to occupy a sister group relationship within the Ladona clade. Relationships within Libellula s.s. are less well resolved. However, monophyletic lineages within the genus are largely consistent with morphologically based subgeneric classifications. Although tree topologies from each analysis differed in some details, the differences were in no case statistically significant. The analysis of the combined COI and 16S data yielded trees with overall stronger support than analyses of either gene alone. Several analyses failed to support the monophyly of Libellula sensu lato due to the inclusion of one or more outgroup species. However, statistical comparisons of topologies produced by unconstrained analyses and analyses in which the monophyly of Libellula was constrained indicate that any differences are nonsignificant. Based on morphological data, we therefore reject the paraphyly of Libellula and accept the outgroup status of Orthemis ferruginea and Pachydiplax longipennis.1 aArtiss, T1 aSchultz, T, R1 aPolhemus, D, A1 aSimon, C  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/26602058nas a2200169   4500008004100000245016800041210006900209260000800278300001100286490000700297520145900304100002201763700001601785700001901801700001901820856004901839       1999                        eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships of North American damselflies of the genus Ischnura (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) based on sequences of three mitochondrial genes0 aPhylogenetic relationships of North American damselflies of the   cFeb  a110-210 v113 aRelationships of North American damselflies of the genus Ischnura (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) were investigated using a total of 1205 bp from portions of three mitochondrial genes: cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase II, and 12S ribosomal DNA. Parsimony and neighbor joining analyses reveal a monophyletic group consisting of I. damula, I. demorsa, I. perparva, I. posita posita, I. posita atezca, I. verticalis, and probably I. denticollis, likely reflecting a recent radiation in North America. Ischnura kellicotti, I. barberi, I. prognata, I. hastata, I. ramburii, and I. capreola appear to represent much earlier divergences in the group. Many previous hypotheses of relationships among North American species of Ischnura are not supported by the molecular-based analyses. However, there is agreement in many respects between the results of the molecular phylogenetic analyses and the morphologically based conclusions of Kennedy (1919, "The Phylogeny of the Zygoptera," Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca). Although results of single-gene phylogenetic analyses often differ, there are very few cases in which there is strong support for conflicting relationships using different partitions of the data. Combined analysis of all three genes yields trees with stronger support overall than the single-gene analyses, and the combined data trees that result from diverse data treatments are congruent with one another in most respects.1 aChippindale, P, T1 aDavé, V, K1 aWhitmore, D, H1 aRobinson, J, V  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/27301627nas a2200217   4500008004100000245017200041210006900213260000800282300001000290490000700300520092700307100001401234700001401248700001601262700001501278700001901293700001501312700001701327700001601344856004901360       1998                        eng d00aMolecular phylogeny of Dipetrocarpaceae in Southeast Asia based on nucleotide sequences of matK, trnL intron, and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region in chloroplast DNA0 aMolecular phylogeny of Dipetrocarpaceae in Southeast Asia based   cOct  a202-90 v103 aTo obtain a refined molecular phylogeny of dipterocarp species in Southeast Asia, nucleotide sequences of matK, the intron of trnL, and intergenic spacer region between trnL and trnF in chloroplast DNA were determined in 16 species throughout 10 genera. In the resultant trees Southeast Asian dipterocarp species were divided into two clusters. One cluster consisted of Anisoptera, Vatica, Cotylelobium, and Upuna, all with the base chromosome number of x = 11. The second cluster consisted of Hopea, Shorea, Neobalanocarpus, Dryobalanops, Parashorea, and Dipterocarpus, mostly with the base chromosome number of x = 7. Dipterocarpus was the only genus that had the base chromosome number x = 11 in the latter cluster. This result suggests that the chromosome number changed from x = 11 to x = 7 after Dipterocarpus branched in the latter cluster. Other evolutionary changes of morphological characters are also discussed.1 aKajita, T1 aKamiya, K1 aNakamura, K1 aTachida, H1 aWickneswari, R1 aTsumura, Y1 aYoshimaru, H1 aYamazaki, T  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/27501691nas a2200157   4500008004100000245013600041210006900177260000800246300001100254490000700265520114700272100002401419700002301443700001801466856004901484       2007                        eng d00aConvergent evolution of gigantism in damselflies of Africa and South America? Evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data0 aConvergent evolution of gigantism in damselflies of Africa and S  cFeb  a339-460 v423 aExtreme large body size is rare in modern Zygoptera (damselflies). Only the South and Central American damselfly family Pseudostigmatidae and one African species, Coryphagrion grandis, share the morphological trait of gigantism. By means of phylogenetic analyses using two mitochondrial markers (16S rDNA and ND1) and one nuclear marker (EF1) in combination with an existing morphological data set, we trace the evolution of gigantism in damselflies. Individual and combined data sets were analyzed using the maximum parsimony, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood algorithms. Regardless of the algorithm used and the data set analyzed all principal tree topologies support a monophyly of the damselfly taxa displaying giant body size. This supports the view that the evolution of gigantism in damselflies from Africa and South America is not the result of convergent evolution due to strikingly similar habitat preferences, but rather the result of close genealogical relationship. Because modern odonates evolved before the split of Africa from Gondwanaland, the proposed phylogeny suggests that C. grandis represents a Gondwana relict.1 aGroeneveld, Linn, F1 aClausnitzer, Viola1 aHadrys, Heike  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/24101258nas a2200145   4500008004100000245014300041210006900184260000800253300001100261490000700272520074000279100002301019700002101042856004901063       2004                        eng d00aA phylogenetic perspective on larval spine morphology in Leucorrhinia (Odonata: Libellulidae) based on ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA sequences0 aphylogenetic perspective on larval spine morphology in Leucorrhi  cMar  a653-620 v303 aLeucorrhinia (Odonata, Anisoptera, Libellulidae) consists of 14-15 species with a holarctic distribution. We have combined the morphological characters of a previous study with sequence data from the ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal repeat. Cloning was used to investigate the intra-individual variation and such variation was found in all investigated species. Parsimony jackknifing was used to identify supported groups. The effect of sequence alignment and gap coding was explored by a modified sensitivity analysis. Loss of spines in Leucorrhinia larvae has occurred twice: once in Europe and once in North America. The role of spines as a defence against predation is discussed in a phylogenetic context.1 aHovmöller, Rasmus1 aJohansson, Frank  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/25802864nas a2200157   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169260000800238300001200246490000700258520234200265100001802607700001702625700001502642856004902657       2007                        eng d00aPhylogeny of the higher Libelluloidea (Anisoptera: Odonata): an exploration of the most speciose superfamily of dragonflies0 aPhylogeny of the higher Libelluloidea Anisoptera Odonata an expl  cOct  a289-3100 v453 aAlthough libelluloid dragonflies are diverse, numerous, and commonly observed and studied, their phylogenetic history is uncertain. Over 150 years of taxonomic study of Libelluloidea Rambur, 1842, beginning with Hagen (1840), [Rambur, M.P., 1842. Neuropteres. Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Paris, pp. 534; Hagen, H., 1840. Synonymia Libellularum Europaearum. Dissertation inaugularis quam consensu et auctoritate gratiosi medicorum ordinis in academia albertina ad summos in medicina et chirurgia honores.] and Selys (1850), [de Selys Longchamps, E., 1850. Revue des Odonates ou Libellules d'Europe [avec la collaboration de H.A. Hagen]. Muquardt, Bruxelles; Leipzig, 1-408.], has failed to produce a consensus about family and subfamily relationships. The present study provides a well-substantiated phylogeny of the Libelluloidea generated from gene fragments of two independent genes, the 16S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and using models that take into account non-independence of correlated rRNA sites. Ninety-three ingroup taxa and six outgroup taxa were amplified for the 28S fragment; 78 ingroup taxa and five outgroup taxa were amplified for the 16S fragment. Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony analyses of the combined data produce well-resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and several previously suggested monophyletic groups were supported by each analysis. Macromiinae, Corduliidae s. s., and Libellulidae are each monophyletic. The corduliid (s.l.) subfamilies Synthemistinae, Gomphomacromiinae, and Idionychinae form a monophyletic group, separate from the Corduliinae. Libellulidae comprises three previously accepted subfamilies (Urothemistinae, a very restricted Tetrathemistinae, and a modified Libellulinae) and five additional consistently recovered groups. None of the other previously proposed subfamilies are supported. Bayesian analyses run with an additional 71 sequences obtained from GenBank did not alter our conclusions. The evolution of adult and larval morphological characters is discussed here to suggest areas for future focus. This study shows the inherent problems in using poorly defined and sometimes inaccurately scored characters, basing groups on symplesiomorphies, and failure to recognize the widespread effects of character correlation and convergence, especially in aspects of wing venation.1 aWare, Jessica1 aMay, Michael1 aKjer, Karl  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/23200515nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169260000800238300001100246490000700257100002200264700001900286700001500305856004900320       2008                        eng d00aDivergence dates of libelluloid dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) estimated from rRNA using paired-site substitution models0 aDivergence dates of libelluloid dragonflies Odonata Anisoptera e  cApr  a426-320 v471 aWare, Jessica, L.1 aHo, Simon, Y W1 aKjer, Karl  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/225