01427nas a2200133   4500008004100000245016600041210006900207300001100276490000700287520090900294100002301203700001801226856004901244       2009                        eng d00aAn aquatic microhymenopterous egg-parasitoid of Argia insipida Hagen in Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) and biological observations in the Central Amazon, Brazil0 aaquatic microhymenopterous eggparasitoid of Argia insipida Hagen  a346-510 v383 aThe tritrophic interaction Argia insipida Hagen in Selys, the Trichogrammatidae egg parasitoid Pseudoligosita longifrangiata (Viggiani) and the host plant Tonina fluviatilis (Eriocaulacea), which is a substrate for egg deposition of A.insipid, was investigated. The study locality was a stream with rapids where macrophytes such as T. fluviatilis grow. Information on aquatic egg parasitoids is scarce. This is the first record of egg parasitism of A. insipida by P. longifrangiata in Brazil, and the first record of occurrence of P. longifrangiata in the country. Parasitized and unparasitized eggs of A. insipida were observed only on leaves 0-5 cm below the water surface. The maximum number of pairs of A. insipida laying eggs in the study area was observed between 13:00 h and 14:00 h. Leaves of T. fluviatilis become yellowish and dry out when large numbers of eggs of A. insipida are laid on them.1 aQuerino, Ranyse, B1 aHamada, Neusa  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/21102207nas a2200133   4500008004100000245014100041210006900182300001100251490000700262520172000269100003001989700000502019856004902024       2009                        eng d00aNo size or density effect on alternative mate-locating tactics in the tropical damselfly Hetaerina rosea males (Odonata: Calopterygidae)0 aNo size or density effect on alternative matelocating tactics in  a361-700 v573 aMales of the damselfly Hetaerina rosea may defend mating sites along river margins (resident males) or, alternatively, wander among different areas presumably searching for mates (nonterritorial males). Although the occurrence of territorial and nonterritorial males of H. rosea is very common in Brazil, studies examining which factors may be responsible for the adoption of alternative mate-locating tactics in this species are inexistent. We investigated the relationship between the adoption of these alternative mate-locating tactics by males of H. rosea and two possible causes: body weight and male abundance. We carried the study in three areas: sites 1, 2 and 3. Samples were monthly undertaken in sites 1 and 2 between September/2001 and August/2002 and in site 3 between May/1999 and January/2001. Using the scan method with fixed areas and mark-resighting techniques, we did not find any relationship between the proportion of nonterritorial males and male abundance per month on sites 2 (n=6) and 3 (n=7), indicating that the adoption of alternative mate-locating tactics is not affected by competition for territories. In the same way, nonterritorial and resident males showed similar body and thoracic weight measures (n=30 and n=27 for sites 2 and 3 respectively). Maybe the nonterritorial tactic is adopted by individuals searching for better territories or males that were evicted from their defended sites. The absence of relationship between weight and male territorial status is in accordance with other Hetaerina species. However, other traits not investigated here such as parasitic load, fat content and age may influence the adoption of different mate-acquisition tactics in H. rosea males.1 aPeixoto, Paulo, Enrique C1 a  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/21202214nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000800196300001100204490000800215520167900223100002801902700002301930700002101953700002101974856004901995       2009                        eng d00aGround plan of the insect mushroom body: functional and evolutionary implications0 aGround plan of the insect mushroom body functional and evolution  cMar  a265-910 v5133 aIn most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. It is with reference to these components that most functional studies are interpreted. However, mushroom body structures are diverse, adapted to different ecologies, and likely to serve various functions. In insects whose derived life styles preclude the detection of airborne odorants, there is a loss of the antennal lobes and attenuation or loss of the calyces. Such taxa retain mushroom body lobes that are as elaborate as those of mushroom bodies equipped with calyces. Antennal lobe loss and calycal regression also typify taxa with short nonfeeding adults, in which olfaction is redundant. Examples are cicadas and mayflies, the latter representing the most basal lineage of winged insects. Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain.1 aStrausfeld, Nicholas, J1 aSinakevitch, Irina1 aBrown, Sheena, M1 aFarris, Sarah, M  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20101806nas a2200133   4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260000800225300001100233490000700244520135400251100001801605856004901623       2009                        eng d00aOntogenetic dietary shift in the larvae of Cybister japonicus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in Japanese rice fields0 aOntogenetic dietary shift in the larvae of Cybister japonicus Co  cJun  a856-600 v383 aA number of fragmentary reports suggest that the endangered diving beetle Cybister japonicus larvae feed on tadpoles, fish, and aquatic insects. However, no quantitative study on the feeding habits of C. japonicus larvae has been reported. In this study, field observations and rearing experiments were carried out to show the feeding ecology of C. japonicus larvae. Unlike previous commentaries, the first- and second-instar larvae of C. japonicus preyed on insects, mainly Odonata nymphs and Notonecta triguttata, irrespective of prey availability, but did not eat vertebrates such as tadpoles and fish in the field. On the contrary, the third-instar larvae fed on both insects and vertebrates. Rearing experiments showed that the number of Odonata nymphs consumed was significantly more than the number of tadpoles consumed by the first and second instars but third-instar larvae ate both the Odonata nymphs and tadpoles in the tadpole-Odonata nymph mixture experiment. The total body lengths of C. japonicus new adults in the Odonata nymph and tadpole-Odonata nymph mixture treatments were statistically equal. These results suggested that the first- and second-instar larvae of C. japonicus prey mainly on insects and do not eat vertebrate animals (insectivore), whereas the third-instar larvae fed on both insects and vertebrates (generalist).1 aOhba, Shin-Ya  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20201786nas a2200121   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260000800254520130400262100002701566700002201593856004901615       2009                        eng d00aThelytokous parthenogenesis in the damselfly Ischnura hastata (Odonata, Coenagrionidae): genetic mechanisms and lack of bacterial infection0 aThelytokous parthenogenesis in the damselfly Ischnura hastata Od  cJun3 aThelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of female-only offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been described in all the insect orders, but is a rare phenomenon in the Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). The only-known case of parthenogenesis in this group is the North American damselfly species Ischnura hastata, which has parthenogenetic populations in the Azores Islands. Here, we present for the first time the results of laboratory rearing, which showed parthenogenetic reproduction in the Azorean I. hastata populations. In an attempt to understand how parthenogenesis could have evolved in this species, we first determined the genetic mode of parthenogenesis by analysing the genotype of parthenogenetic females and their offspring at three polymorphic microsatellite loci. In addition, we used polymerase chain reaction amplification to test whether parthenogenesis in I. hastata could be bacterially induced. Our data indicate that thelytoky is achieved through an (at least functionally) apomictic mechanism and that parthenogenesis is not caused by endosymbionts. Finally, we discuss possible routes to parthenogenetic reproduction, as well as the evolutionary implications of this type of parthenogenesis.Heredity advance online publication, 10 June 2009; doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.65.1 aLorenzo-Carballa, M, O1 aCordero-Rivera, A  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20302313nas a2200145   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260000800208300000600216520183200222100001902054700002102073700002402094856004902118       2009                        eng d00aSublethal effects and predator-prey interactions: implications for ecological risk assessment0 aSublethal effects and predatorprey interactions implications for  cJul  a13 aEcological risk assessments tend to focus on contaminant effects on single species in isolation. However, additional effects from interactions between species (e.g. predator-prey interactions) may also occur in natural systems. This study investigated the consequences of sublethal contaminant effects in prey on predator-prey interactions, particularly the interaction between prey behavioural changes and predation by predators with different hunting strategies. Ambush (Ischnura elegans Vander Linden (Insecta, Odonata)) and active (Notonecta glauca Linnaeus (Insecta, Heteroptera)) predator species were used in conjunction with three prey species (Asellus aquaticus Linnaeus (Crustacea, Isopoda), Cloëon dipterum Linnaeus (Insecta, Ephemeroptera), and Chironomus riparius Meigen (Insecta, Diptera)). Immobilised prey demonstrated the importance of prey behaviour for determining predation rates for both single and multiple prey species. Chironomus riparius was less responsive following exposure to cadmium, becoming more vulnerable to attack by the active but not the ambush predator. There was also some evidence for reduced general activity in C. dipterum following cadmium exposure. Sublethal exposure of prey did not affect the prey choice of active predators, possibly due to prey behavioural changes being insufficient to influence their relative availabilities. However, cadmium exposure of prey did alter their susceptibility to ambush predators. There was a reduction in the proportion of C. dipterum and an increased proportion of A. aquaticus in the diet of ambush predators, possibly due to reduced activity in C. dipterum affecting their relative encounter rates with predators. Sublethal exposures can therefore result in reduced prey survival that would not be predicted by single species toxicity tests.1 aBrooks, Amy, C1 aGaskell, Paul, N1 aMaltby, Lorraine, L  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20401722nas a2200157   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151260000800220300001000228490000700238520122100245100002001466700001301486700001601499856004901515       2009                        eng d00aThe correlated evolution of three-dimensional reproductive structures between male and female damselflies0 acorrelated evolution of threedimensional reproductive structures  cJan  a73-830 v633 aFor many taxa, species are defined by the morphologies of reproductive structures. In many odonates, these structures are the cerci of males (used to hold females during mating) and the thoracic plates of females where the male cerci contact the females' bodies. A previous study showed that the shapes of cerci of Enallagma males (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) are best explained by an evolutionary model of punctuated change at the time of speciation, with a homogeneous rate of change across the entire phylogeny of the genus. In the present study, we examine the evolution of shape change in the corresponding female plates. We found that, like male cerci, the shapes of Enallagma female thoracic plates could best be explained by an evolutionary model of punctuated change at the time of speciation, with a homogeneous rate of change across the clade. Moreover, the evolutionary contrasts quantifying the rates of change in male cerci and female thoracic plates were positively related across the history of the clade, demonstrating that these male and female structures evolve in a correlated fashion. This pattern of evolution suggests that these structures are primary signals of species identity during mating.1 aMcPeek, Mark, A1 aShen, Li1 aFarid, Hany  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20501988nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260000800193300001000201490000700211520148200218100001801700700002101718700001501739700001501754856004901769       2009                        eng d00aDifferential toxicity to Cd, Pb, and Cu in dragonfly larvae (Insecta: Odonata)0 aDifferential toxicity to Cd Pb and Cu in dragonfly larvae Insect  cJan  a77-840 v563 aOdonate larvae are important organisms in aquatic ecosystems but have been rarely studied in laboratory toxicity tests. Only a few previous studies have been conducted on odonates and their responses to heavy metals. We exposed two species of libellulid larvae (Anisoptera: Libellulidae) to equimolar concentrations of cadmium, lead, or copper in 7-day survival tests. Larvae were tolerant of high concentrations of cadmium and lead, as no significant decrease in survival was observed at exposures as high as 0.893 and 2.232 mM, respectively. In contrast, larvae were more sensitive to copper exposure, demonstrating significantly decreased survival to exposures as low as 2.360 microM. In whole animal samples, larvae accumulated very high concentrations (>1000 microg/g dry weight) of all three metals in an exposure-related manner. Much of this accumulation could probably be attributed to adsorption or accumulation of metal within the exoskeleton, because odonate larvae are known to sequester metals into this material. Our results were generally consistent with previous observations indicating that odonates are tolerant to metal exposures, even in comparison with other aquatic invertebrates. However, there are few studies that have used odonates in toxicity tests and compared these organisms to other aquatic life. Based on their abundance and their simple requirements in the laboratory, we believe that odonate larvae can be useful toxicological model organisms.1 aTollett, V, D1 aBenvenutti, E, L1 aDeer, L, A1 aRice, T, M  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20602201nas a2200145   4500008004100000245015000041210006900191260000800260520165500268100002001923700002201943700002001965700002101985856004902006       2009                        eng d00aDegrees of polarization of reflected light eliciting polarotaxis in dragonflies (Odonata), mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and tabanid flies (Tabanidae)0 aDegrees of polarization of reflected light eliciting polarotaxis  cAug3 aWith few exceptions insects whose larvae develop in freshwater possess positive polarotaxis, i.e., are attracted to sources of horizontally polarized light, because they detect water by means of the horizontal polarization of light reflected from the water surface. These insects can be deceived by artificial surfaces (e.g., oil lakes, asphalt roads, black plastic sheets, dark-coloured cars, black gravestones, dark glass surfaces, solar panels) reflecting highly and horizontally polarized light. Apart from the surface characteristics, the extent of such a 'polarized light pollution' depends on the illumination conditions, direction of view, and the threshold p* of polarization sensitivity of a given aquatic insect species. p* means the minimum degree of linear polarization p of reflected light that can elicit positive polarotaxis from a given insect species. Earlier there were no quantitative data on p* in aquatic insects. The aim of this work is to provide such data. Using imaging polarimetry in the red, green and blue parts of the spectrum, in multiple-choice field experiments we measured the threshold p* of ventral polarization sensitivity in mayflies, dragonflies and tabanid flies, the positive polarotaxis of which has been shown earlier. In the blue (450nm) spectral range, for example, we obtained the following thresholds: Dragonflies: Enallagma cyathigerum (0% <p*</=17%), Ischnura elegans (17%</=p*</=24%). Mayflies: Baetis rhodani (32%</=p*</=55%), Ephemera danica, Epeorus silvicola, Rhithrogena semicolorata (55%</=p*</=92%). Tabanids: Tabanus bovinus, T. tergestinus (32%</=p*</=55%), T. maculicornis (55%</=p*</=92%).1 aKriska, György1 aBernáth, Balázs1 aFarkas, Róbert1 aHorváth, Gábor  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20702694nas a2200145   4500008004100000245007000041210006800111260000800179520223100187100001902418700002002437700002402457700001802481856004902499       2009                        eng d00aA phylogenomic approach to resolve the basal pterygote divergence0 aphylogenomic approach to resolve the basal pterygote divergence  cAug3 aOne of the most fascinating Bauplan transitions in the animal kingdom was the invention of insect wings, a change which also contributed to the success and enormous diversity of this animal group. However, the origin of insect flight and the relationships of basal winged insect orders are still controversial. Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phylogeny of winged insects: (i) the traditional Palaeoptera hypothesis (Ephemeroptera+Odonata, Neoptera), (ii) the Metapterygota (Ephemeroptera, Odonata+Neoptera) and (iii) the Chiastomyaria hypothesis (Odonata, Ephemeroptera+Neoptera). Neither phylogenetic analyses of single genes nor even multiple marker systems (e.g. molecular markers + morphological characters) have yet been able to conclusively resolve basal pterygote divergences. A possible explanation for the lack of resolution is that the divergences took place in the mid-Devonian within a short period of time, and attempts to solve this problem have been confounded by the major challenge of finding molecular markers to accurately track these short ancient internodes. Although phylogenomic data are available for Neoptera and some wingless (apterygote) orders, they are lacking for the crucial Odonata and Ephemeroptera orders. We adopt a multi-gene approach including data from two new EST projects - from the orders Ephemeroptera (Baetis sp.) and Odonata (Ischnura elegans) - to evaluate the potential of phylogenomic analyses in clarifying this unresolved issue. We analyzed two data sets that differed in represented taxa, genes and overall sequence lengths: maxspe (15 taxa, 125 genes, 31,643 amino acid positions), maxgen (8 taxa, 150 genes, 42,541 amino acid positions). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses both place the Odonata at the base of the winged insects. Furthermore, statistical hypotheses testing rejected both the Palaeoptera and the Metapterygota hypotheses. The comprehensive molecular data set developed here provides conclusive support for odonates as the most basal winged insect order (Chiastomyaria hypothesis). Data quality assessment indicates that proteins involved in cellular processes and signaling harbor the most informative phylogenetic signal.1 aSimon, Sabrina1 aStrauss, Sascha1 avon Haeseler, Arndt1 aHadrys, Heike  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20801613nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151260000800220300001100228490000800239520097700247100002101224700001801245700001801263700001701281700002501298700001701323700001801340856004901358       2009                        eng d00aBehaviour of damselfly larvae (Enallagma cyathigerum) (Insecta, Odonata) after long-term exposure to PFOS0 aBehaviour of damselfly larvae Enallagma cyathigerum Insecta Odon  cApr  a1332-60 v1573 aPerfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminant that has been detected in organisms worldwide. Here, we evaluate whether long-term (1 and 4 months) exposure to PFOS contamination affects the behavioural performance of freshwater larvae of the damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum (Insecta: Odonata). Our results show reduced behavioural performance with increasing PFOS concentration. In 1 month exposed larvae, no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were 100 microg/L for general activity. In 4 months exposed larvae, NOECs were 10 microg/L, for each behavioural trait, except swimming acceleration of male larvae where the NOEC was 100 microg/L. When faced with PFOS concentrations above the NOEC, E. cyathigerum larvae were less active, less capable to escape a simulated predator attack and less efficient in foraging. Together, our results show that damselfly larvae suffer reduced survival-related behavioural performance.1 aVan Gossum, Hans1 aBots, Jessica1 aSnijkers, Tom1 aMeyer, Johan1 aVan Wassenbergh, Sam1 aDe Coen, Wim1 aDe Bruyn, Luc  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/20902243nas a2200157   4500008004100000245004500041210004100086260000800127300001200135490000800147520181700155100002001972700002001992700002402012856004902036       2009                        eng d00aThe occurrence of hemocyanin in Hexapoda0 aoccurrence of hemocyanin in Hexapoda  cApr  a1930-410 v2763 aHemocyanins are copper-containing, respiratory proteins that have been thoroughly studied in various arthropod subphyla. Specific O(2)-transport proteins have long been considered unnecessary in Hexapoda (including Insecta), which acquire O(2) via an elaborate tracheal system. However, we recently identified a functional hemocyanin in the stonefly Perla marginata (Plecoptera) and in the firebrat Thermobia domestica (Zygentoma). We used RT-PCR and RACE experiments to study the presence of hemocyanin in a broad range of ametabolous and hemimetabolous hexapod taxa. We obtained a total of 12 full-length and 5 partial cDNA sequences of hemocyanins from representatives of Collembola, Archeognatha, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Mantodea, Isoptera and Blattaria. No hemocyanin could be identified in Protura, Diplura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, or in the Eumetabola (Holometabola + Hemiptera). It is not currently known why hemocyanin has been lost in some taxa. Hexapod hemocyanins usually consist of two distinct subunit types. Whereas type 1 subunits may represent the central building block, type 2 subunits may be absent in some species. Phylogenetic analyses support the Pancrustacea hypothesis and show that type 1 and type 2 subunits diverged before the emergence of the Hexapoda. The copperless insect storage hexamerins evolved from hemocyanin type 1 subunits, with Machilis germanica (Archeognatha) hemocyanin being a possible 'intermediate'. The evolution of hemocyanin subunits follows the widely accepted phylogeny of the Hexapoda and provides strong evidence for the monophyly of the Polyneoptera (Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Mantodea, Isoptera, Blattaria) and the Dictyoptera (Mantodea, Isoptera, Blattaria). The Blattaria are paraphyletic with respect to the termites.1 aPick, Christian1 aSchneuer, Marco1 aBurmester, Thorsten  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/210