01266nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260000800198300001100206490000700217520067500224100003400899700004300933700002800976700004301004856004901047       2005                        eng d00aPredatory capacity and prey selectivity of nymphs of the dragonfly Pantala hymenaea0 aPredatory capacity and prey selectivity of nymphs of the dragonf  cSep  a328-300 v213 aPredatory capacity and prey selectivity of nymphs of the dragonfly Pantala hymenaea (Odonata: Libellulidae) were evaluated on larvae of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and larvae of the midge Chironomus plumosus (Diptera: Chironomidae) as prey. With functional response methodology, 7 larval densities were exposed to predator individuals in a glass jar under laboratory conditions. The study was performed in 2 experiments. The 1st was a test system with each prey species alone. The 2nd tested a mixture of both prey species in a 1:1 ratio. Prey selectivity and prey capacity were significantly greater on midge larvae than on mosquito larvae.1 aQuiroz-Mart{\'ınez, Humberto1 aRodr{\'ıguez-Castro, Violeta, Ariadna1 aSol{\'ıs-Rojas, Carlos1 aMaldonado-Blanco, Mar{\'ıa, Guadalupe  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/25001782nas a2200181   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260000800188300001000196490000800206520124500214100001701459700002201476700001401498700001901512700002001531856004901551       2005                        eng d00aPrey size selection and distance estimation in foraging adult dragonflies0 aPrey size selection and distance estimation in foraging adult dr  cSep  a791-70 v1913 aTo determine whether perching dragonflies visually assess the distance to potential prey items, we presented artificial prey, glass beads suspended from fine wires, to perching dragonflies in the field. We videotaped the responses of freely foraging dragonflies (Libellula luctuosa and Sympetrum vicinum-Odonata, suborder Anisoptera) to beads ranging from 0.5 mm to 8 mm in diameter, recording whether or not the dragonflies took off after the beads, and if so, at what distance. Our results indicated that dragonflies were highly selective for bead size. Furthermore, the smaller Sympetrum preferred beads of smaller size and the larger Libellula preferred larger beads. Each species rejected beads as large or larger than their heads, even when the beads subtended the same visual angles as the smaller, attractive beads. Since bead size cannot be determined without reference to distance, we conclude that dragonflies are able to estimate the distance to potential prey items. The range over which they estimate distance is about 1 m for the larger Libellula and 70 cm for the smaller Sympetrum. The mechanism of distance estimation is unknown, but it probably includes both stereopsis and the motion parallax produced by head movements.1 aOlberg, R, M1 aWorthington, A, H1 aFox, J, L1 aBessette, C, E1 aLoosemore, M, P  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/25102320nas a2200145   4500008004100000245006600041210006100107260000800168300001100176490000700187520189300194100001602087700002202103856004902125       2005                        eng d00aThe adipokinetic hormones of Odonata: a phylogenetic approach0 aadipokinetic hormones of Odonata a phylogenetic approach  cMar  a333-410 v513 aAdipokinetic neuropeptides from the corpora cardiaca of the major families of all three suborders of the Odonata were identified by one or more of the following methods: (1) Isolation of the peptides from a methanolic extract of the corpora cardiaca by liquid chromatography, peak monitoring by fluorescence of the Trp residue and comparison of the retention time with those of known synthetic peptides of Odonata. (2) Hyperlipaemic bioassays of the HPLC-generated fractions either in Locusta migratoria or, in a few cases, in Anax imperator or Orthetrum julia. (3) Sequencing of the isolated, bioactive HPLAC fraction by Edman degradation. (4) Mass spectrometric measurement of the isolated, bioactive fraction. Sequence assignment revealed that the investigated Odonata species always contain only one adipokinetic peptide. This is always an octapeptide. The suborder Zygoptera contains the peptide code-named Psein-AKH, the Anisozygoptera and the families Aeshnidae, Cordulegastridae and Macromiidae of the Anisoptera contain Anaim-AKH, whereas Gomphidae, Corduliidae (with the exception of Syncordulia gracilis) and Libellulidae contain Libau-AKH; one species of Libellulidae has Erysi-AKH, a very conservative modification of Libau-AKH (one point mutation). When these structural data are interpreted in conjunction with existing phylogenies of Odonata, they support the following: (1) Zygoptera are monophyletic and not paraphyletic. (2) Anisozygoptera and Anisoptera are sister groups and contain the ancestral Anaim-AKH which is independently and convergently mutated to Libau-AKH in Gomphidae and Libellulidae. (3) The Corduliidae are of special interest. Only Corduliidae sensu stricto appear to contain Libau-AKH, other species placed into this family by most authorities contain the ancestral Anaim-AKH. Possibly, assignments of AKHs can untangle the paraphyly of this family.1 aGäde, Gerd1 aMarco, Heather, G  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/25203662nas a2200169   4500008004100000245018200041210006900223260000800292300001100300490000700311520302400318100002103342700002803363700002803391700002403419856004903443       2005                        eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships, divergence time estimation, and global biogeographic patterns of calopterygoid damselflies (odonata, zygoptera) inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences0 aPhylogenetic relationships divergence time estimation and global  cJun  a347-620 v543 aThe calopterygoid superfamily (Calopterygidae + Hetaerinidae) is composed of more than twenty genera in two families: the Calopterygidae (at least 17) and the Hetaerinidae (at least 4). Here, 62 calopterygoid (ingroup) taxa representing 18 genera and 15 outgroup taxa are subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the ribosomal 18S and 5.8S genes and internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2). The five other families of calopterid affinity (Polythoridae, Dicteriadidae, Amphipterygidae, Euphaeidae, and Chlorocyphidae) are included in the outgroup. For phylogenetic inference, we applied maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and the Bayesian inference methods. A molecular phylogeny combined with a geographic analysis produced a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis that partly confirms the traditional taxonomy and describes distributional patterns. A monophyletic origin of the calopterygoids emerges, revealing the Hetaerinid clade as sister group to the Calopterygidae sensu strictu. Within Calopterygidae, seven clades of subfamily rank are recognized. Phylogenetic dating was performed with semiparametric rate smoothing by penalized likelihood, using seven reference fossils for calibration. Divergence time based on the ribosomal genes and spacers and fossil constraints indicate that Calopteryginae (10 genera, approximately 50% of all Calopterygid taxa studied here), Vestalinae (1 genus), and Hetaerinidae (1 genus out of 4 studied here) started radiating around 65 Mya (K/T boundary). The South American Iridictyon (without distinctive morphology except for wing venation) and Southeast Asian Noguchiphaea (with distinctive morphology) are older (about 86 My) and may be survivors of old clades with a Gondwanian range that went extinct at the K/T boundary. The same reasoning (and an even older age, ca. 150 My) applies to the amphipterygids Rimanella and Pentaphlebia (South America-Africa). The extant Calopterygidae show particular species and genus richness between west China and Japan, with genera originating between the early Oligocene and Pleistocene. Much of that richness probably extended much wider in preglacial times. The Holarctic Calopteryx, of Miocene age, was deeply affected by the climatic cooling of the Pliocene and by the Pleistocene glaciations. Its North American and Japanese representatives are of Miocene and Pliocene age, respectively, but its impoverished Euro-Siberian taxa are late Pliocene-Pleistocene, showing reinvasion, speciation, and introgression events. The five other calopterid families combine with the Calopterygidae and Hetaerinidae to form the monophyletic cohort Caloptera, with Polythoridae, Dicteriadidae, and Amphipterygidae sister group to Calopterygoidea. The crown node age of the latter three families has an age of about 157 My, but the Dicteriadidae and Polythoridae themselves are of Eocene age, and the same is true for the Euphaeidae and Chlorocyphidae. The cohort Caloptera itself, with about 197 My of age, goes back to the early Jurassic.1 aDumont, Henri, J1 aVanfleteren, Jacques, R1 aDe Jonckheere, Johan, F1 aWeekers, Peter, H H  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/25302132nas a2200181   4500008004100000245013900041210006900180260000800249300001100257490000800268520152700276100002101803700001801824700001901842700002301861700001701884856004901901       2005                        eng d00aSpatiotemporal allozyme variation in the damselfly, Lestes viridis (Odonata: Zygoptera): gene flow among permanent and temporary ponds0 aSpatiotemporal allozyme variation in the damselfly Lestes viridi  cJul  a137-440 v1243 aSeveral insect species seem to persist not only in permanent but also in temporary ponds where they face particularly harsh conditions and frequent extinctions. Under such conditions, gene flow may prevent local adaptation to temporary ponds and may promote phenotypic plasticity, or maintain apparent population persistence. The few empirical studies on insects suggest the latter mechanism, but no studies so far quantified gene flow including both pond types. We investigated the effects of pond type and temporal variation on population genetic differentiation and gene flow in the damselfly Lestes viridis in northern Belgium. We report a survey of two allozyme loci (Gpi, Pgm) with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 14 populations from permanent and temporary ponds, and compared these results with similar data from the same permanent populations one year before. The data suggested that neither pond-drying regime, nor temporal variation have a substantial effect on population genetic structuring and did not provide evidence for stable population differentiation in L. viridis in northern Belgium. Gene flow estimates were high within permanent and temporary ponds, and between pond types. Our data are consistent with a source-sink metapopulation system where temporary ponds act as sinks in dry years, and are quickly recolonized after local population extinction. This may create a pattern of apparent population persistence of this species in permanent and temporary ponds without clear local adaptation.1 aDe Block, Marjan1 aGeenen, Sofie1 aJordaens, Kurt1 aBackeljau, Thierry1 aStoks, Robby  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/25401845nas a2200169   4500008004100000245006100041210006000102260000800162300001300170490000800183520135600191100001901547700001501566700002401581700002101605856004901626       2005                        eng d00aInsect gas exchange patterns: a phylogenetic perspective0 aInsect gas exchange patterns a phylogenetic perspective  cDec  a4495-5070 v2083 aMost investigations of insect gas exchange patterns and the hypotheses proposed to account for their evolution have been based either on small-scale, manipulative experiments, or comparisons of a few closely related species. Despite their potential utility, no explicit, phylogeny-based, broad-scale comparative studies of the evolution of gas exchange in insects have been undertaken. This may be due partly to the preponderance of information for the endopterygotes, and its scarcity for the apterygotes and exopterygotes. Here we undertake such a broad-scale study. Information on gas exchange patterns for the large majority of insects examined to date (eight orders, 99 species) is compiled, and new information on 19 exemplar species from a further ten orders, not previously represented in the literature (Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Mantodea, Mantophasmatodea, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera), is provided. These data are then used in a formal, phylogeny-based parsimony analysis of the evolution of gas exchange patterns at the order level. Cyclic gas exchange is likely to be the ancestral gas exchange pattern at rest (recognizing that active individuals typically show continuous gas exchange), and discontinuous gas exchange probably originated independently a minimum of five times in the Insecta.1 aMarais, Elrike1 aKlok, Jaco1 aTerblanche, John, S1 aChown, Steven, L  uhttps://worldodonata.myspecies.info/node/255